Morphology
• is the study of how words are constructed out of morphemes.
• It is the study of the rules governing the internal structure of words.
• It is the study of word formation.
Morpheme
• Smallest repeated meaningful units of a language.
Example: Buyers has 3 morphemes.
1st: {buy} – the action
2nd: {er} – the person who do the action
3rd: {s} – plural form
Take note:
• Morphemes are different from syllables.
Examples: Alligator, cats
Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes
• Lexical Morphemes – have sense (meaning)
Nouns, verbs and adjectives
• Grammatical Morphemes – have no sense (meaning), they only express some sort of relationship between lexical morphemes.
Conjunctions, prepositions, and articles
Free and Bound Morphemes
• Free Morphemes – are those who can stand alone as words. They may
be lexical (e.g. {serve}, {press}) and grammatical (e.g.
{at}, {and})
• Bound Morphemes – are those who cannot stand alone as words. They
may be lexical (e.g. {clude}) or grammatical (e.g. {s} in
plural)
Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that do not change the essential meaning of a word. (serves as grammatical function)
Example: Cats = {cat} and {s}
8 Inflectional Affixes
Inflectional Affixes Root Examples
{PLU} = plural noun boys
{POSS}=possessive noun boy’s
{COMP} =Comparative adjective older
{SUP} = Superlative adjective oldest
{PRES} = present verb walks
{PAST}=past verb walked
{PAST PART}=past participle verb driven
{PRES PART}=Present par. verb driving
Derivational Morphemes are bound morphemes that changes the meaning of a word.
Example: Infirm = {in} and {firm}
Compound is a word made up of two or more roots.
4 types of compound
• Closed-form compound- These are compound words that have no space or hyphen between the different
roots. (e.g. textbook)
• Open-form compound- These are compound words that have spaces between roots.(e.g. half brother)
• Hyphenated compound- These are compound words that has hyphen/s (-) in between the root.
(e.g. father-in-law)
• Head of the compound - These are compound words that is similar to its topic (the most general). Head also
serves as grammatical function of the compound. (e.g. spoon feed)
Allomorphs-Variation of Morpheme.
Allomorphs in phonetic forms for the same meaning.
“more than one” , in the suffix is {s} can be pronounced in 3 ways like:
/s/mats, /z/ zoos, /∂z/ churches
Morphophonemic Rules are rules that specify w/c allomorph of a morpheme will be used in a specific phonetic environment.
Morphological Typology is the study and classification of language based on how morphemes create words
How new words are formed?
Compounding
• Mallrat
• Veggie burger
• Bunkhouse
Acronym Formation
• NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• CSDL – Center for Student Development and Leadership
Foreign Word Borrowing
• Fiesta- Spanish
• Recipe – French
• Tea – Chinese
• Yogurt – Turkish
• Zebra – African Languages
• Solo - Italian
Clipping
• stat from statistics
• Exam from examination
• Dorm from Dormitory
• Gym from gymnasium
Blending
• sitcom from situation comedy
• Brunch from breakfast and lunch
• E-mail from electronic mail
Derivation
• cyber- to cyberspace
• Plane to airplane
• Dis- to disadvantage
Back-Formation
• television and televise
• Donate from donation
• Enthuse from enthusiasm
Using People’s Names
• Narcissism from Narcius
• Saxophone from Adolph Joseph Sax
• Hamburger from Hamburg
Trade name
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